ASM: ORA-600 due to corruption in ASM staleness registry

Lately ASM has been a popular topic, and document 2028222.1 on My Oracle Support continues that recent tradition with article "(DB30) Bug 20904530 - During ASM disk resync ORA-600 [kfdsBlk_verCb] occurs due to corruption in ASM staleness registry" which can teach us about how ASM corruption can be verified, fixed, and repaired!